He Was An Anti-Racist Vegan Radical… In 1738

In this episode of The Abolitionists, let’s explore the extraordinary life and mind of Benjamin Lay, the early 18th century Quaker dwarf who has the distinction of being both the first revolutionary abolitionist and the first animal rights activist in American history.

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~REFERENCES~

[1] Marcus Rediker. The Fearless Benjamin Lay: The Quaker Dwarf Who Became the First Revolutionary Abolitionist (2017). Beacon Press, Page 11-25

[2] Benjamin Lay. All Slave-Keepers That Keep the Innocent in Bondage, Apostates (1738). Printed [by Benjamin Franklin] for the Author, Page iii

[3] Lay, Page 131-132

[4] Lay, Page 55

[5] Rediker, Page 111

[6] Rediker, Page 30-51

[7] Lay, Page 32-45

[8] Lay, Page 20-22

[9] Rediker, Page 61-70

[10] Rediker, Page 84-93

[11] Lay, Page 43-44

[12] Rediker, Page 146

[13] Rediker, Page 1-2

[14] The Friend: A Religious and Literary Journal. Volume XXIX (1856). Printed by Robb, Pile & Melroy, Page 220

[15] Rediker, Page 112-116

[16] Roger Crab. The English Hermit or Wonder of This Age (1655). Printed in Pope’s Head Alley and at the Exchange, Page i-15

[17] Thomas Tryon. A Way to Health, Long Life, and Happiness (1691 Edition). Printed by H.C. for R. Baldwin near the Oxford Arms on Warwick Lane, Page 367-382

[18] Avery Yale Kamila. “Vegan Kitchen: Americans have been enjoying nut milk and nut butter for at least 4 centuries” (2020). Portland Press Herald https://www.pressherald.com/2020/11/08/vegan-kitchen-americans-have-been-enjoying-nut-milk-and-nut-butter-for-at-least-4-centuries/

[19] Geoffrey Plank. “‘The Flame of Life Was Kindled in All Animal and Sensitive Creatures’: One Quaker Colonist’s View of Animal Life.” Church History 76, no. 3 (2007): 569–90. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27645034.

[20] Jonathan D. Sassi. “With a Little Help from the Friends: The Quaker and Tactical Contexts of Anthony Benezet’s Abolitionist Publishing.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 135, no. 1 (2011): 33–71. https://doi.org/10.5215/pennmaghistbio.135.1.0033

[21] Rediker, Page 120, 138